Relationship Between Hematoma Expansion Induced by Hypertension and Hyperglycemia and Blood–brain Barrier Disruption in Mice and Its Possible Mechanism: Role of Aquaporin-4 and Connexin43
Heling Chu 1,2 • Zidan Gao3 • Chuyi Huang4 • Jing Dong1 • Yuping Tang 1 • Qiang Dong 1
1 Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
2 Department of Neurology, North Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201907, China
3 Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
4 Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
Abstract
We aimed to select an optimized hematoma expansion (HE) model and investigate the possible mechanism of blood–brain barrier (BBB) damage in mice. The results showed that HE occurred in the group with hypertension combined with hyperglycemia (HH-HE) from 3 to 72 h after intracerebral hemorrhage; this was accompanied by neurological deficits and hardly influenced the survival rate. The receiver operating characteristic curve suggested the criterion for this model was hematoma volume expansion ≥ 45.0%. Meanwhile, HH-HE aggravated BBB disruption. A protector of the BBB reduced HH-HE, while a BBB disruptor induced a further HH-HE. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) knock-out led to larger hematoma volume and more severe BBB disruption. Furthermore, hematoma volume and BBB disruption were reduced by multiple connexin43 (Cx43) inhibitors in the wild-type group but not in the AQP4 knock-out group. In conclusion, the optimized HE model is induced by hypertension and hyperglycemia with the criterion of hematoma volume expanding ≥ 45.0%. HH-HE leads to BBB disruption, which is dependent on AQP4 and Cx43.
Keywords
Intracerebral hemorrhage; Hematoma expansion; Animal model; Blood–brain barrier; Aquaporin-4; Connexin43
