Mitochondrial Regulation of Macrophages in Innate Immunity and Diverse Roles of Macrophages During Cochlear Inflammation
Yuan Zhang1 · Fanglei Ye1 · Xiaolong Fu2 · Shen Li3 · Le Wang1 · Yutian Chen4 · Hongmin Li1 · Shaojuan Hao1 · Kun Zhao1 · Qi Feng5,6 · Peipei Li5,61 Department of Otology, The First Afliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
2 Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250000, China
3 Department of Neurology, The First Afliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
4 The Department of Endovascular Surgery, The First Afliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
5 Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology, The First Afliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
6 Henan Province Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou 450052, China
Abstract
Macrophages are essential components of the innate immune system and constitute a non-specific first line of host defense against pathogens and inflammation. Mitochondria regulate macrophage activation and innate immune responses in various inflammatory diseases, including cochlear inflammation. The distribution, number, and morphological characteristics of cochlear macrophages change significantly across different inner ear regions under various pathological conditions, including noise exposure, ototoxicity, and age-related degeneration. However, the exact mechanism underlying the role of mitochondria in macrophages in auditory function remains unclear. Here, we summarize the major factors and mitochondrial signaling pathways (e.g., metabolism, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial DNA, and the inflammasome) that influence macrophage activation in the innate immune response. In particular, we focus on the properties of cochlear macrophages, activated signaling pathways, and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines after acoustic injury. We hope this review will provide new perspectives and a basis for future research on cochlear inflammation.
Keywords
Macrophage; Mitochondria; Innate immunity; Cochlea; Infammation
